In this large study among MSM attending the STI clinic in Amsterdam, we found no evidence that online dating was independently related to a higher danger of UAI than offline dating. Free Sex Dating closest to Rhodes, New South Wales. Rhodes NSW, Australia free sex dating. For HIV negative men this lack of assocation was clear (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48); among HIV-positive men there was a nonsignificant association between online dating and UAI (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI 0.96-2.72). Only among men who indicated they weren't conscious of their HIV status (a small group in this study), UAI was more common with on-line than offline partners.
The amount of sex partners in the preceding 6months of the index was likewise associated with UAI (OR = 6.79 95 % CI 2.86-16.13 for those with 50 or more recent sex partners compared to those with fewer than 5 recent sex partners). UAI was significantly more likely if more sex acts had occurred in the partnership (OR = 16.29 95 % CI 7.07-37.52 for >10 sex acts within the venture compared to just one sex act). Other variables significantly associated with UAI were group sex within the partnership, and sex-related multiple drug use within venture.
In multivariate model 3 (Tables 4 and 5 ), also including variables concerning sexual behaviour in the venture (sex-associated multiple drug use, sex frequency and partner type), the independent effect of online dating location on UAI became somewhat stronger (though not essential) for the HIV positive men (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI; 0.96-2.72), but remained similar for HIV negative guys (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48). Free sex dating nearby Rhodes. The effect of online dating on UAI became stronger (and important) for HIV-unaware guys (aOR = 2.55 95 % CI 1.11-5.86) (Table 5 ).
In univariate analysis, UAI was significantly more likely to occur in on-line than in offline ventures (OR = 1.36 95 % CI 1.03-1.81) (Table 4 ). The self-perceived HIV status of the participant was firmly connected with UAI (OR = 11.70 95 % CI 7.40-18.45). Free sex dating closest to Rhodes New South Wales. The impact of dating location on UAI differed by HIV status, as can be seen best in Table 5 Table 5 shows the association of online dating using three distinct reference types, one for each HIV status. Among HIV-positive guys, UAI was more common in online in comparison to offline ventures (OR = 1.61 95 % CI 1.03-2.50). Among HIV negative guys no association was apparent between UAI and internet partnerships (OR = 1.07 95 % CI 0.71-1.62). Among HIV-oblivious guys, UAI was more common in online in comparison to offline ventures, though not statistically significant (OR = 1.65 95 % CI 0.79-3.44).
Characteristics of online and offline partners and partnerships are shown in Table 2 The median age of the partners was 34years (IQR 28-40). Compared to offline partners, more online partners were Dutch (61.3% vs. 54.0%; P 0.001) and were defined as a known partner (77.7% vs. 54.4%; P 0.001). The HIV status of on-line partners was more often reported as known (61.4% vs. 49.4%; P 0.001), and in online ventures, perceived HIV concordance was higher (49.0% vs. 39.8%; P 0.001). Participants reported that their online partners more often knew the HIV status of the participant than offline partners (38.8% vs. Free sex dating near Rhodes. 27.2%; P 0.001). Participants more often reported multiple sexual contacts with online partners (50.9% vs. 41.3%; P 0.001). Sex-associated substance use, alcohol use, and group sex were less often reported with online partners. Rhodes, NSW free sex dating.
In order to analyze the potential mediating effect of more information on partners (including perceived HIV status) on UAI, we developed three multivariable models. In version 1, we adjusted the association between online/offline dating place and UAI for characteristics of the participant: age, ethnicity, number of sex partners in the preceding 6months, and self-perceived HIV status. In model 2 we added the venture characteristics (age difference, ethnic concordance, lifestyle concordance, and HIV concordance). In model 3, we adjusted also for partnership sexual risk behavior (i.e., sex-associated drug use and sex frequency) and partnership type (i.e., casual or anonymous). As we assumed a differential effect of dating place for HIV-positive, HIV negative and HIV status unknown MSM, an interaction between HIV status of the participant and dating place was included in all three models by making a new six-category variable. For clarity, the effects of online/offline dating on UAI are also presented separately for HIV negative, HIV positive, and HIV-oblivious men. We performed a sensitivity analysis confined to partnerships in which only one sexual contact occurred. Free sex dating nearby Rhodes. Statistical significance was defined as P 0.05. No adjustments for multiple comparisons were made, in order not to miss potentially important associations. As a fairly big number of statistical evaluations were done and reported, this strategy does lead to a higher risk of one or more false positive associations. Analyses were done utilizing the statistical programme STATA, version 13 (STATA Intercooled, College Station, TX, USA).
Before the investigations we developed a directed acyclic graph (DAG) representing a causal model of UAI. In this model some variables were putative causes (self-reported HIV status; on-line partner acquisition), others were considered as confounders (participants' age, participants' ethnicity, and no. of male sex partners in preceding 6months), and some were presumed to be on the causal pathway between the principal exposure of interest and result (age difference between participant and partner; ethnic concordance; concordance in life styles; HIV concordance; venture type; sex frequency within venture; group sex with partner; sex-associated material use in partnership).
We compared characteristics of participants by self-reported HIV status (using 2-evaluations for dichotomous and categorical variables and using rank sum test for continuous variables). We compared characteristics of participants, partners, and venture sexual conduct by on-line or offline venture, and calculated P values predicated on logistic regression with robust standard errors, accounting for correlated data. Continuous variables (i.e., age, amount of sex partners) are reported as medians with an interquartile range (IQR), and were categorised for inclusion in multivariate models. Random effects logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between dating location (online versus offline) and UAI. Likelihood ratio tests were used to measure the importance of a variable in a model.
In order to explore potential disclosure of HIV status we also asked the participant whether the casual sex partner knew the HIV status of the participant, with the answer options: (1) no, (2) possibly, (3) yes. Sexual behavior with each partner was dichotomised as: (1) no anal intercourse or simply protected anal intercourse, and (2) unprotected anal intercourse. To ascertain the subculture, we asked whether the participant characterised himself or his partners as belonging to at least one of the following subcultures/lifestyles: casual, formal, substitute, drag, leather, military, sports, fashionable, punk/skinhead, rubber/lycra, gothic, bear, jeans, skater, or, if not one of these characteristics were applicable, other. Free sex dating in Rhodes New South Wales. Concordant lifestyle was categorised as: (1) concordant; (2) discordant. Casual partner kind was categorised by the participants into (1) known traceable and (2) anonymous partners.
HIV status of the participant was got by asking the question 'Do you know whether you are HIV infected?', with five answer options: (1) I 'm definitely not HIV-infected; (2) I think that I'm not HIV-contaminated; (3) I do not understand; (4) I believe I may be HIV-contaminated; (5) I know for sure that I 'm HIV-contaminated. We categorised this into HIV-negative (1,2), unknown (3), and HIV positive (4,5) status. The questionnaire enquired about the HIV status of every sex partner with the question: 'Do you understand whether this partner is HIV-infected?' with similar reply options as previously. Perceived concordance in HIV status within partnerships was categorised as; (1) concordant; (2) discordant; (3) unknown. The final category represents all partnerships where the participant did not understand his own status, or the status of his partner, or both. In this study the HIV status of the participant is self-reported and self-perceived. The HIV status of the sexual partner is as perceived by the participant.
Participants completed a standardised anonymous questionnaire during their trip to the STI outpatient clinic while waiting for preliminary evaluation results after their consultation using a nurse or physician. The survey elicited information on socio-demographics and HIV status of the participant, the three most recent partners in the preceding six months, and data on sexual conduct with those partners. A comprehensive description of the study design and the survey is provided elsewhere 15 , 18 Our primary determinant of interest, dating location (e.g., the name of a bar, park, club, or the name of a web site) was obtained for every partner, and categorised into on-line (websites), and offline (physical sites) dating locations. Free sex dating near me Rhodes, NSW, Australia. To simplify the terminology of differentiating the partners per dating place, we refer to them as on-line or offline partners.
We used data from a cross sectional study focusing on spread of STI via sexual networks 15 Between July 2008 and August 2009 MSM were recruited from the STI outpatient clinic of the Public Health Service of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Men were eligible for participation if they reported sexual contact with men during the six months preceding the STI consultation, they were at least 18years old, and may understand written Dutch or English. Individuals could participate more than once, if subsequent visits to the practice were related to a potential new STI episode. Participants were routinely screened for STI/HIV according to the standard procedures of the STI outpatient clinic 15 , 17 The study was accepted by the medical ethics committee of the Academic Medical Center of Amsterdam (MEC 07/181), and written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Free Sex Dating nearest Rhodes New South Wales. Contained in this evaluation were guys who reported sexual contact with at least one casual partner dated online as well one casual partner dated offline.
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