In this large study among MSM attending the STI clinic in Amsterdam, we found no evidence that online dating was independently related to a higher danger of UAI than offline dating. Free Sex Dating closest to Thornlie, Western Australia. Thornlie, WA Australia Free Sex Dating. For HIV negative men this lack of assocation was clear (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48); among HIV-positive men there was a non-significant association between online dating and UAI (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI 0.96-2.72). Only among men who suggested they were not conscious of their HIV status (a small group in this study), UAI was more common with online than offline associates.
The amount of sex partners in the preceding 6months of the index was also associated with UAI (OR = 6.79 95 % CI 2.86-16.13 for those with 50 or more recent sex partners compared to those with fewer than 5 recent sex partners). UAI was significantly more likely if more sex acts had happened in the venture (OR = 16.29 95 % CI 7.07-37.52 for >10 sex acts within the partnership compared to only one sex act). Other variables significantly associated with UAI were group sex within the venture, and sex-connected multiple drug use within venture.
In multivariate model 3 (Tables 4 and 5 ), also including variables concerning sexual behaviour in the venture (sex-related multiple drug use, sex frequency and partner type), the separate effect of online dating location on UAI became somewhat more powerful (though not essential) for the HIV-positive men (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI; 0.96-2.72), but remained similar for HIV-negative men (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48). Free Sex Dating in Thornlie. The effect of online dating on UAI became stronger (and important) for HIV-unaware guys (aOR = 2.55 95 % CI 1.11-5.86) (Table 5 ).
In univariate analysis, UAI was significantly more inclined to occur in online than in offline ventures (OR = 1.36 95 % CI 1.03-1.81) (Table 4 ). The self-perceived HIV status of the participant was strongly associated with UAI (OR = 11.70 95 % CI 7.40-18.45). Free sex dating nearby Thornlie Western Australia. The effect of dating place on UAI differed by HIV status, as can be seen best in Table 5 Table 5 shows the organization of online dating using three distinct reference types, one for each HIV status. Among HIV positive guys, UAI was more common in online compared to offline partnerships (OR = 1.61 95 % CI 1.03-2.50). Among HIV negative men no association was evident between UAI and internet ventures (OR = 1.07 95 % CI 0.71-1.62). Among HIV-oblivious men, UAI was more common in online when compared with offline partnerships, though not statistically significant (OR = 1.65 95 % CI 0.79-3.44).
Characteristics of on-line and offline partners and partnerships are shown in Table 2 The median age of the partners was 34years (IQR 28-40). Compared to offline partners, more online partners were Dutch (61.3% vs. 54.0%; P 0.001) and were defined as a known partner (77.7% vs. 54.4%; P 0.001). The HIV status of on-line partners was more often reported as known (61.4% vs. 49.4%; P 0.001), and in on-line ventures, perceived HIV concordance was higher (49.0% vs. 39.8%; P 0.001). Participants reported that their on-line partners more often understood the HIV status of the participant than offline partners (38.8% vs. Free Sex Dating nearest Thornlie. 27.2%; P 0.001). Participants more frequently reported multiple sexual contacts with online partners (50.9% vs. 41.3%; P 0.001). Sex-associated material use, alcohol use, and group sex were less frequently reported with internet partners. Thornlie, WA free sex dating.
In order to analyze the potential mediating effect of more info on partners (including perceived HIV status) on UAI, we developed three variant models. In model 1, we adjusted the organization between online/offline dating place and UAI for features of the participant: age, ethnicity, number of sex partners in the preceding 6months, and self-perceived HIV status. In model 2 we added the partnership characteristics (age difference, ethnic concordance, lifestyle concordance, and HIV concordance). In model 3, we adapted additionally for venture sexual risk behavior (i.e., sex-related drug use and sex frequency) and partnership kind (i.e., casual or anonymous). As we assumed a differential effect of dating place for HIV positive, HIV-negative and HIV status unknown MSM, an interaction between HIV status of the participant and dating place was included in all three models by making a new six-class variable. For clarity, the effects of online/offline dating on UAI are also presented separately for HIV-negative, HIV positive, and HIV-unaware guys. We performed a sensitivity analysis limited to partnerships in which just one sexual contact occurred. Free sex dating nearest Thornlie. Statistical significance was defined as P 0.05. No adjustments for multiple comparisons were made, in order not to lose potentially significant organizations. As a fairly large number of statistical evaluations were done and reported, this approach does lead to an elevated danger of one or more false positive organizations. Evaluations were done using the statistical programme STATA, version 13 (STATA Intercooled, College Station, TX, USA).
Prior to the investigations we developed a directed acyclic graph (DAG) representing a causal model of UAI. In this model some variables were putative causes (self-reported HIV status; on-line partner acquisition), others were considered as confounders (participants' age, participants' ethnicity, and no. of male sex partners in preceding 6months), and some were assumed to be on the causal pathway between the principal exposure of interest and outcome (age difference between participant and partner; ethnic concordance; concordance in life styles; HIV concordance; partnership sort; sex frequency within venture; group sex with partner; sex-associated material use in partnership).
We compared characteristics of participants by self-reported HIV status (using 2-tests for dichotomous and categorical variables and using rank sum test for continuous variables). We compared characteristics of participants, partners, and partnership sexual behavior by online or offline venture, and calculated P values predicated on logistic regression with robust standard errors, accounting for linked data. Continuous variables (i.e., age, number of sex partners) are reported as medians with an interquartile range (IQR), and were categorised for inclusion in multivariate models. Random effects logistic regression models were used to examine the association between dating place (online versus offline) and UAI. Likelihood ratio tests were used to assess the importance of a variable in a model.
As a way to investigate potential disclosure of HIV status we additionally asked the participant whether the casual sex partner understood the HIV status of the participant, together with the answer alternatives: (1) no, (2) possibly, (3) yes. Sexual behavior with each partner was dichotomised as: (1) no anal intercourse or simply shielded anal intercourse, and (2) unprotected anal intercourse. To ascertain the subculture, we asked whether the participant characterised himself or his partners as belonging to one or more of the following subcultures/lifestyles: casual, formal, alternative, drag, leather, military, sports, trendy, punk/skinhead, rubber/lycra, gothic, bear, jeans, skater, or, if not one of these features were related, other. Free Sex Dating nearest Thornlie, Western Australia. Concordant lifestyle was categorised as: (1) concordant; (2) discordant. Casual partner kind was categorised by the participants into (1) known traceable and (2) anonymous partners.
HIV status of the participant was got by asking the question 'Do you know whether you are HIV infected?', with five answer alternatives: (1) I 'm definitely not HIV-infected; (2) I think that I'm not HIV-contaminated; (3) I do not know; (4) I think I may be HIV-contaminated; (5) I know for sure that I am HIV-infected. We categorised this into HIV negative (1,2), unknown (3), and HIV-positive (4,5) status. The questionnaire enquired about the HIV status of every sex partner with all the question: 'Do you know whether this partner is HIV-infected?' with similar response alternatives as previously. Perceived concordance in HIV status within ventures was categorised as; (1) concordant; (2) discordant; (3) unknown. The final category represents all partnerships where the participant didn't know his own status, or the status of his partner, or both. In this study the HIV status of the participant is self-reported and self-perceived. The HIV status of the sexual partner is as perceived by the participant.
Participants completed a standardised anonymous questionnaire during their trip to the STI outpatient clinic while waiting for preliminary evaluation results after their consultation using a nurse or physician. The questionnaire elicited information on socio-demographics and HIV status of the participant, the three most recent partners in the preceding six months, and data on sexual conduct with those partners. A detailed description of the study design as well as the questionnaire is provided elsewhere 15 , 18 Our main determinant of interest, dating place (e.g., the name of a bar, park, club, or the name of a website) was obtained for every partner, and categorised into on-line (websites), and offline (physical sites) dating locations. Free Sex Dating nearby Thornlie WA, Australia. To simplify the language of distinguishing the partners per dating place, we refer to them as on-line or offline partners.
We used data from a cross sectional study focusing on spread of STI via sexual networks 15 Between July 2008 and August 2009 MSM were recruited from the STI outpatient clinic of the Public Health Service of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Men were eligible for participation if they reported sexual contact with men during the six months preceding the STI consultation, they were at least 18years old, and could comprehend written Dutch or English. People could participate more than once, if following visits to the practice were related to a potential new STI episode. Participants were routinely screened for STI/HIV according to the standard procedures of the STI outpatient clinic 15 , 17 The study was approved by the medical ethics committee of the Academic Medical Center of Amsterdam (MEC 07/181), and written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Free sex dating near me Thornlie, Western Australia. Contained in this analysis were guys who reported sexual contact with at least one casual partner dated online as well one casual partner dated offline.
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